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Ulva prolifera Blooms in the Yellow Sea: A Comprehensive Review of Occurrence Processes and Mitigation Strategies
Xiaoli Song, Hongbin Han, Kelei Yuan, Sheng Zhao, Peiyan Sun, Congcong Xing, Ruobing Wen and Xiaoyang Jian

Since 2008, large-scale green tides have occurred consecutively in the Yellow Sea, which negatively affected the ecology and economies of coastal cities. To date, domestic and international researchers have carried out extensive studies on the origin and causes of these green tides, leading to significant scientific understanding. This paper first outlines the development process of U. prolifera green tides and their interannual variability in scale. It then elaborates on the mechanisms driving green tide outbreaks from two perspectives: the key biological characteristics of U.prolifera and the environmental drivers of bloom formation. Finally, we summarize the current status and effectiveness of disaster prevention and mitigation measures against U.prolifera green tides in the Yellow Sea, analyze existing challenges, and propose directions for future research. The aim is to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of green tides in China.

Keywords: Green tides; U. prolifera; Yellow Sea; Outbreak mechanisms; Prevention and mitigation