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A Review of Seafloor Vertical Deformation Observation Technology Based on High-Precision Water Level Sensors
Xiaowei Xu, Suxia Huo, Xinze Li, Xiaohong Chang and Xuezhi Feng

With the rapid development of marine resource exploitation and marine engineering construction, seafloor vertical deformation has become a key factor affecting the safety of underwater pipelines, platforms, and other structures. This paper provides a comprehensive review of seafloor deformation observation technology based on high-precision water level sensors, with a focus on the structural characteristics, measurement principles, and applicability of the Paroscientific quartz resonant pressure sensor in deep-sea environments. The article thoroughly analyzes methods for separating and correcting interference signals, such as tides, waves, and sensor drift, in observation data, including harmonic analysis, filtering techniques, reference station methods, and drift modeling. Based on these techniques, the paper summarizes their specific applications and significant findings in seafloor deformation monitoring induced by oil and gas extraction, underwater volcanic activity, and oceanic slow-slip events. Finally, the paper highlights ongoing challenges, such as the insufficient applicability in shallow-sea environments, the lack of unified data processing methods, and high equipment power consumption and maintenance costs. The paper also discusses future optimization of the technology and directions for further research.

Keywords: Seafloor vertical deformation, pressure sensor, observation technology, data processing, seafloor deformation monitoring